Questions 8-14

The list of tour options for holiday-makers on the following page has nine tour descriptions A-I.

Choose the correct title for each tour from the list of tour names below.

Write the correct number I-XI in boxes 8-14 on your answer sheet.

8 Tour B

9 Tour C

10 Tour D

11 Tour E 

12 Tour G

13 Tour H

14 Tour I

NANNYING POSITIONS WORLDWIDE

Are you a qualified nanny and have at least 1 year’s post-qualification experience looking after children?

We can help you find a suitable employment position in one of 16 destination countries.

No registration fee applies for job applicants.

What do our services include?

• An online ‘matching service’ which allows you to post your CV and we will contact you if any families are interested in offering you a position.
• We conduct interviews on behalf of our clients at one of our 4 offices in the U.K.
• Arrangement of a return flight, the cost of which will be covered by your employer.
• Many positions also include medical insurance for the length of your contract.
• Arrangement of full employment contracts between you and your new employer prior to leaving the UK.
• A visa assistance service is available for countries where visas are required (additional costs apply)

You are also entitled to:

• On-going support throughout your contract in the unlikely event of experiencing difficulties
• Access to our ‘Nannies Abroad’ online network and discussion forum.
• Access to an agency staff member via our 24-hour emergency contact facility.

Call us for more information on 1800 222 649

About us

Childcare Solutions was established in 1985 by three qualified nannies who returned to the UK after 5 year’s working overseas. We understand that the opportunity to work abroad appeals to many; however, due to language barriers and safety concerns we realise that many experienced professionals are dissuaded from going ahead with their dream.

Through our established partnerships with sister organisations in 16 countries worldwide, we are able to match child care professionals with appropriate families across the globe.

We have different sized families and different lengths of contract available, so contact us today and let us know what type of work, in which location you are looking for.

Additional requirements to register with Childcare Solutions.

You must:

Be 18 years of age or older

Be able to provide evidence of a clear criminal record in the UK and any other country you have resided in for more than 6 months.

Provide 2 references (at least one from a former position)*
*Where pre-written references are provided we will contact your referees personally to reconfirm.

Provide evidence of qualifications

Be enthusiastic, reliable, flexible and hard-working!

So call us today and let us assist you in fulfilling your career goals overseas.

Section 2

Questions 15-27

Read the advertisement and answer Questions 15-20

Questions 15-20

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the advertisement?

In boxes 15-20 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

15. Applicants are required to attend an interview with the family interested in offering a work position.

16. Childcare Solutions pays for flights for nannies placed in positions overseas.

17. Costs of visas vary depending on destination.

18. The organisation was set up by experienced childcare workers.

19. Nannies are employed for a minimum of 6 months.

20. The organisation requires recommendations from two previous employers.

Questions 21-27

Each of the short paragraphs in the reading text gives information about an education institution called Language Express.

Choose which of the paragraphs contain information about the points below.

Write the correct number I-XII in boxes 21-27 on your answer sheet.

1. About Language Express
2. Entry Requirements for Language Students
3. Entry Requirements for Business Students
4. Course Commencement
5. Orientation for New Students
6. Unique Opportunities
7. International Links
8. Additional Academic Support
9. The Facilities
10. Examinations and Graduation
11. Social Activities
12. The Student Council

21. Paragraph A:

22. Paragraph B:

23. Paragraph C:

24. Paragraph D:

25. Paragraph E:

26. Paragraph F:

27. Paragraph G:

Reading Passage 3

Ford – driving innovation

A: In 1913 an American industrialist named Henry Ford employed an innovative system in his factory that changed the nature of American industry forever – the production line. Instead of a group of workers constructing a complete product, Ford’s production-line techniques relied on machine parts being moved around the factory on a conveyor belt, passing each employee who had a single task to perform before the component moved down the line. This saved time in that employees were not required to move around, collect materials or change tools; they simply stood in one place and repeated the same procedure over and over again until the end of their shift. In this way, Ford was able to mass produce the now famous Model-T car for only 10% of traditional labour costs.

B: Working on a production line was monotonous work, undoubtedly, but it was not in the production line alone that Ford was something of a pioneer. In 1913 the average hourly rate for unskilled labour was under $2.50 and for such low wages and repetitive work, the labour turnover in Ford’s factory was high, with many employees lasting less than a month. In order to combat this problem, he took a step that was condemned by other industrialists of the time, fearful that they would lose their own workforce – he raised wages to $5 an hour. The benefits were twofold. Not only did Ford now have a stable and eager workforce, he also had potential customers. It was his intention ‘to build a motorcar for the great multitude’, and the Model-T car was one of the cheapest cars on the market at the time. At $5 an hour, many of his employees now found themselves in a position to feasibly afford a car of their own. Ford’s production practices meant that production time was reduced from 14 hours to a mere 93 minutes. In 1914 company profits were $30 million, yet just two years later this figure had doubled. Until 1927 when the last Model-T rolled off the production line, the company produced and sold about 15 million cars.

C: Although Ford was without doubt successful, times changed and the company began losing its edge. One problem came from the labour force. Ford was a demanding employer who insisted that the majority of his staff remained on their feet during their shift. One error meant that the whole production line was often kept waiting, and Ford felt that workers were more attentive standing than sitting. Yet the 1930s saw some radical changes in the relationships between employer and employee, as an increasing number of industries were forming Labour Unions. Ford flatly refused to get involved, employing spies in the workplace to sabotage any plans for a union within his factories. Eventually a strike in the early 1940s forced Ford to deal with unions. Another example of Ford being unable to adapt came from his unwillingness to branch out. Ford’s competitors began operating the same systems and practices, but also introduced the variety Ford was lacking. The Model-T had remained essentially the same, even down to the colour, and by the time he realised his error, he had already lost his pre-eminence in the industry. Subsequent involvement in aeroplane manufacturing, politics and publishing was a failure. Leaving the company to his grandson in 1945, he died two years later leaving an inheritance estimated at $700 million.

D: Yet the legacy of Fordism lives on. The development of mass production transformed the organisation of work in a number of important ways. Tasks were minutely subdivided and performed by unskilled workers, or at least semiskilled workers, since much of the skill was built into the machine. Second, manufacturing concerns grew to such a size that a large hierarchy of supervisors and managers became necessary. Third, the increasing complexity of operations required employment of a large management staff of accountants, engineers, chemists, and, later, social psychologists, in addition to a large distribution and sales force. Mass production also heightened the trend towards an international division of labour. The huge new factories often needed raw materials from abroad, while saturation of national markets led to a search for customers overseas. Thus, some countries became exporters of raw materials and importers of finished goods, while others did the reverse.

E: In the 1970s and ’80s some countries, particularly in Asia and South America, that had hitherto been largely agricultural and that had imported manufactured goods, began industrialising. The skills needed by workers on assembly-line tasks required little training, and standards of living in these developing countries were so low that wages could be kept below those of the already industrialised nations. Many large manufacturers in the United States and elsewhere therefore began ‘outsourcing’ – that is, having parts made or whole products assembled in developing nations. Consequently, those countries are rapidly becoming integrated into the world economic community.

Reading Passage 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28 – 40 which are based on Reading Passage 3.

Questions 28 -32

Choose the most suitable headings for Paragraphs A-E from the list below. Use each heading once only.

List of headings

1. Effect on modern industry
2. New payment procedures
3. Labour problems
4. The Model-T
5. Creating a market
6. Revolutionary production techniques
7. The Ford family today
8. Impact on the global economy
9. Overseas competition

28. Paragraph A

29. Paragraph B

30. Paragraph C

31. Paragraph D

32. Paragraph E

Questions 33 -37

Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.

33. What was used to move parts around the factory under Ford’s production techniques?

34. What did Ford reduce by 90% compared with more traditional methods of the time?

35. When was the last Model-T Ford produced?

36. What did Ford unsuccessfully oppose the organisation of?

37. What is the name given to the principles of mass production and associated practices?

Questions 38 – 40

Complete the following summary using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS FROM THE TEXT.

One of the long-term effects of Ford’s business practices was that many developing countries became industrialised as a result of (38) . For those working in the factory, the skills for (39) were easily acquired and (40) was minimal.